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| From: | To: |
| Unit | Symbol | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Volt | V | Measures the electric potential difference or electromotive force. |
| Ampere | A | Measures the electric current. |
| Ohm | Ω | Measures the electrical resistance. |
| Watt | W | Measures the rate of energy transfer. |
| Farad | F | Measures the electrical capacitance. |
| Henry | H | Measures the electrical inductance. |
| Coulomb | C | Measures the electric charge. |
| Siemens | S | Measures the electrical conductance. |
| Joule | J | Measures the energy or work done. |
| Hertz | Hz | Measures the frequency of cycles per second. |
A resistor is a passive electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical current in a circuit. It provides resistance, measured in ohms (Ω), to control the voltage and current levels.
AC (Alternating Current) changes direction periodically, while DC (Direct Current) flows in one direction. AC is commonly used in household power supplies, whereas DC is used in batteries and electronic devices.
A capacitor is a component that stores electrical energy in an electric field. It consists of two conductive plates separated by an insulating material (dielectric). Capacitors are used to smooth out voltage fluctuations and store energy temporarily.
An inductor is a passive component that stores energy in a magnetic field when electrical current flows through it. It resists changes in current and is used in filters, transformers, and energy storage applications.
A diode is a semiconductor device that allows current to flow in one direction only. It is used for rectification (converting AC to DC), signal demodulation, and protection circuits.
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals. It has three terminals: emitter, base, and collector. Transistors are fundamental building blocks in modern electronic devices, including amplifiers and digital circuits.
An operational amplifier is a high-gain voltage amplifier with differential inputs and a single-ended output. It is used in signal conditioning, filtering, and mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, integration, and differentiation.
Analog signals are continuous and can take any value within a range, representing physical quantities like temperature or sound. Digital signals are discrete, representing data in binary form (0s and 1s), and are used in computers and digital electronics.
A PCB is a board used to mechanically support and electrically connect electronic components using conductive pathways, tracks, or signal traces etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate.
A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit designed to govern a specific operation in an embedded system. It includes a processor, memory, and input/output peripherals on a single chip, used in applications like home appliances, automotive systems, and industrial control.